1-1 Science and Scientists 1. science = The knowledge obtained by investigating the natural world is called 2. meteorologist = a person who studies the atmosphere 3. save resources = Developing methods to recycle steel from old cars is an example of how science can ________. 4. volcanologist = a person who studies volcanoes 5. science illustrator = a person who draws scientific diagrams 6. experimentation = When you answer questions by performing an activity, you are using 7. ecologist = a person who studies organisms and their environment 8. research = Answering some questions by looking up facts in magazines is an example of 9. geochemist = a person who studies the chemistry of rocks, minerals, and soil

1-2 Scientific Methods 1. testable = What must a good hypothesis be? 2. variable parameter = In a controlled experiment, the one factor that changes between groups is called a(n) 3. the steps scientists use to answer questions and solve problems = What are scientific methods? 4. Organize it into charts and graphs, and do calculations if necessary = Which of the following is a good way to analyze data? 5. Change the hypothesis, change the procedure, gather more information, or ask new questions. = At the end of an investigation, what could you do if you conclude that your results do not support your hypothesis? 6. writing a scientific paper, making a presentation, and publishing the results on a Web site = What are some methods for communicating the results of scientific investigations?

1-3 Safety in Science 1. wearing the right safety equipment, taking every precaution to prevent accidents, and handling all lab materials safely and correctly = Which of the following is are examples of taking responsibility for your safety in the laboratory? 2. failure to read and follow directions carefully = What causes the most accidents in the laboratory? 3. first aid = Emergency medical care for someone who has been hurt or who is sick is called 4. tell your teacher = When an accident happens during a science lab, you should always 5. reading and following directions = checking all instructions before doing an experiment 6. using proper safety equipment = wearing heat-resistant gloves when picking up a hot object 7. practicing neatness = gathering equipment before starting an activity 8. recognizing safety symbols = knowing what a picture of goggles means 9. cleaning up properly = following your teacher’s directions when disposing of wastes

2-1 Tools and Models in Science 1. density = the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance 2. theory = A system of ideas that explains observations and is supported by a large amount of scientific evidence is called a(n) 3. physical, conceptual, and mathematical = Name three types of model that are commonly used in science and uses familiar things to describe unfamiliar things? 4. volume = a measure of the size of an object or region in three-dimensional space 5. temperature = a measure of how hot or how cold something is 6. law = a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions 7. spring scale, thermometer, and meterstick = Three tools that could be used to take accurate measurements while collecting data? 8. Is based on the number 10 = The International System of Units? 9. model = a representation of an object or system that is used to support or disprove scientific theories and laws 10. mass = a measure of the amount of matter in an object

2-2 Organizing Your Data 1. dependent variable = the factor in an experiment that is measured; changes as a result of manipulation of one or more other factors 2. scale = the size that is used for each box or grid mark on a graph 3. axis = one of two or more reference lines that mark the borders of a graph 4. independent variable = the factor in an experiment that is deliberately manipulated 5. range = the difference between the smallest and largest values of the same variable 6. trend = the pattern of data in a graph 7. linear = If a graph shows the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variable with a straight line, the graph is 8. independent variable = Which of the following can be found in a data table? 9. nonlinear = If a graph shows the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable as a curved line, the graph is 10. range, trend, and axis = Which of the following are feature of a graph?

2-3 Analyzing Your Data 1. median = the value of the middle item when data are arranged in order by size 2. mode = the most frequently occurring value in a data set 3. slope = the degree of slant of a line; the ratio of rise over run 4. mean = the number obtained by adding up the data for a given characteristic and dividing this sum by the number of individuals 5. to summarize large amounts of information, to determine properties such as volume, area, and density, and to answer questions = What three tasks are mathematics used for? 6. use the right tool = To get an accurate data reading, scientists must be sure to 7. Scientists could not repeat the results = Which of the following circumstances would result in the rejection of scientific data? 8. k = In the equation y=kx, the slope of the line is represented by the constant

3-1 What is Matter 1. mass = a measure of the amount of matter in objects 2. weight = a measure of the gravitational force on objects 3. meniscus = the curve at a liquid’s surface 4. matter = anything that has mass and takes up space 5. volume = the amount of space occupied by an object 6. volume=length x width x height = What equation would you use to find the volume of a rectangular box? 7. cubic centimeters (cm3 ) = Which of the following units is best for expressing the volume of an irregular solid such as a rock? 8. It may vary depending on the object’s location = Which of the following statements is true about an object’s weight but NOT about its mass? 9. kilogram = The SI unit of mass is the ____

3-2 Physical Properties 1. malleability = the ability to be made into thin sheets 2. physical change = a change in the form of a substance that does not change its identity 3. electrical conductivity = the ability to conduct electric current 4. density = the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance 5. solubility = the ability of a substance to dissolve 6. physical property = characteristic of matter that can be observed without changing the matter’s identity 7. D= m/v (=) Which of the following is the equation used to calculate a substance’s density? 8. The object floats on top of the water = What happens to a solid object with a density that is less than the density of water when it is placed in water? 9. the shaping of a gold bar, the melting of a frozen fruit bar, and the sanding of a piece of wood = Which of the following is an example of a purely physical change? 10. changes of state from solid to liquid to gas and back = What kinds of changes in substances are always physical changes?

3-3 Chemical Properties 1. composition = the type of matter and its arrangement in an object 2. flammability = the ability of a substance to burn 3. chemical change = the process of changing into entirely new substances 4. physical change = a change in matter that does not change the identity of the substance 5. reactivity = the ability of a substance to change and form one or more new substances 6. Chemical properties change substance’s identity = Why are chemical properties harder to observe than physical properties? 7. The composition changes = What is the best way to tell if a chemical change has taken place? 8. soured milk, rusted metal, and digested food = Three examples of a chemical change? 9. Heat is liberated or absorbed = What happens when most chemical changes take place?

4-1 Four States of Matter 1. They are tiny particles, are always in motion, and are found in all matter = Which of the following statements are true of atoms and molecules? 2. vibrate in place = In a solid, the particles ____. 3. has fast-moving particles = A gas ____. 4. plasma = ____ consists of free-moving ions and electrons 5. gas = ____ does not have a definite volume or shape, and does not conduct electricity 6. states of matter = ____ includes the physical forms of matter 7. solid = ____ has a fixed volume and shape 8. plasma = ____ has a definite volume but not a definite shape

4-2 Change of State 1. melting = the change of state from a solid to a liquid 2. change of state = the change of a substance from one physical form to another 3. sublimation = the change of state from a solid directly to a gas 4. evaporation = the change of state from a liquid to a gas 5. boiling = the change of a liquid to a vapor throughout the liquid 6. condensation = the change of state from a gas to a liquid 7. melting point = the temperature at which a substance melts 8. freezing = the change of state from a liquid to a solid 9. boiling point = the temperature at which a substance boils

5-1 Elements 1. element = ____ is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means 2. pure substance = ____ is a sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties 3. metal = ____ is an element that is shiny and conducts heat and electricity well 4. nonmetal = ____ is an element that conducts heat and electricity poorly and is dull in appearance 5. metalloid = ____ is an element that has the properties of both metals and nonmetals 6. physical properties = Boiling point, melting point, and density are some of an element’s ____. 7. characteristic property = A property of an element that does not depend on the amount of the element is called a(n) ____. 8. chemical property = An element’s ability to react with oxygen is an example of a ____. 9. one kind of atom = An element is a pure substance in which there are how many kinds of atoms?

5-2 Compounds 1. a compound is formed = When two or more elements join together chemically ____. 2. melting point, density, and color = The physical properties of compounds include 3. heat, electric current, and chemical change = Which of the following break down compounds? 4. in a specific mass ratio = How do elements join to form compounds? 5. proteins = Compounds found in all living things include ____. 6. The properties are different = How do the properties of a compound compare with the properties of the elements that make up the compound? 7. chemical changes = By what processes can compounds be broken down?

5-3 Mixtures 1. mixture = combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined 2. solution = homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed 3. solute = substance that dissolves in a solvent 4. solvent = substance in which a solute dissolves 5. concentration = amount of a substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore 6. solubility = ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure 7. dissolving = process that separates and spreads particles of substances evenly throughout a mixture 8. dilute = description of a solution containing a relatively low concentration of solute 9. distillation = process that separates a mixture based on the boiling points of the components 10. centrifuge = machine that separates mixtures by the densities of the components

6-1 Development of the Atomic Theory 1. atom = The smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still have the properties of that element is called a(n)____ 2. electron = J. J. Thomson discover the _____ 3. the nucleus = _____ is dense and positively charged 4. electrons = are in the electron clouds 5. Dalton believed = that atoms of the same element are exactly alike.