3-1 Early Colonies Have Mixed Success 1. Roanoke = The English named their first colony on the North American continent ____, but it failed when all the colonists mysteriously disappeared. 2. charter = In order to set up a colony, organizers had to first obtain a ____ from England’s monarch. 3. Bacon’s Rebellion = A dispute between some poor colonists and Virginia’s governor over Native American land sparked ____ in 1676. 4. House of Burgesses = Democratic government began in the colonies in 1619 when the Virginia colonists elected representatives to an assembly called the ____. 5. John Smith = After most of Jamestown’s colonists died, ____ took control of the colony and forced the remaining colonists to work to save it. 6. Powhatan = At first the English at Jamestown were helped by a Native American people called the ____, but relations worsened when the colonists demanded more land. 7. Indentured servants = Poor European colonists became ____ in exchange for the cost of their passage to America. 8. What financial advantages would a joint-stock company have over a single investor as the sponsor of a new colony in the Americas? • joint-stock company would have many investors. • larger sums of money could be available to support the colony than if it were funded by a single sponsor, • and each investor would be less likely to be financially ruined if the colony did not succeed.

3-2 New England Colonies 1. Rhode Island, which was founded by Roger Williams = A colony that guaranteed religious freedom was 2. Mayflower Compact = The agreement written by the Pilgrims that provided for self-government was called the ____. 3. was the movement of the Puritans from England to new settlements = The Great Migration 4. colonists demanded more land from Native Americans = King Philip’s War erupted when 5. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut = A constitution that some Puritan colonists wrote to govern themselves was the 6. Both were Puritans who questioned Puritan beliefs and practices, they were expelled from Massachusetts for their beliefs, and they fled to what is now Rhode Island = What three things are true of both Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson? 7. How were the Pilgrims and the Puritans alike or different in their reasons for coming to America and in their relations with Native Americans? • ALIKE - Both groups were at odds with England’s official church and came to America seeking religious freedom. • DIFFERENT - The Pilgrims had better and more peaceful relations with Native Americans

3-3 Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies 1. William Penn = founded a colony that promised religious freedom, equality to all, and fair treatment of Native Americans 2. Peter Stuyvesant = surrendered New Netherland, later renamed New York, to the English 3. Duke of York = gave some land to friends to found the colony of New Jersey 4. patroons = received land grants and special privileges by bringing 50 settlers to New Netherland 5. James Oglethorpe = founded Georgia as a refuge for debtors 6. Quakers = settled on land given to William Penn by Charles II 7. How did a proprietary colony differ from a royal colony? • a proprietary colony was owned and largely controlled by a private owner or owners, • a royal colony was under the direct control of the king and his representatives.

4-1 New England Commerce and Religion 1. it was difficult to grow crops in New England’s soil = New England’s farmers practiced subsistence farming because ____ 2. sugar, molasses, and slaves = Name 3 things that were part of the triangular trade 3. that ran along the Appalachian Mountains from New England to the Southern Colonies = The Backcountry was an area ____ 4. Explain why the Navigation Acts encouraged smuggling. • The Navigation Acts had 4 parts o Shipping had to be done in English ships o Some products could be sold only to England and its colonies o Imports to the colonies had to go through English ports o English officials were to tax any colonial good not shipped to England • the taxes the acts imposed, and their restrictive and burdensome import, export, and transport regulations, made it better to smuggle.

4-2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities 1. Rivers or Water = ____ powered most of the gristmills that were built in the Middle Colonies to grind grain into flour for bread. 2. artisans = In the cities and towns of the Middle Colonies, craftspeople called ____ produced rifles, furniture, glass, and other manufactured goods 3. Germans = Conestoga wagons, which later played an important part in settling the American West, were introduced into the English colonies by the ____. 4. grain = The long growing season and rich soil of the Middle Colonies allowed farmers to grow ____ and other cash crops. 5. How did the diversity of the Middle Colonies help make the people who lived there more tolerant? • Because of the many different population groups, it was hard for any one group to dominate the other. • Since the areas people were exposed to so many different cultural backgrounds, it made them more open to human differences.

4-3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery 1. it yielded a deep blue dye that was highly marketable = The plant indigo was valued as a plantation crop because _____ 2. Plantations were largely self-sufficient, large cities were rare in colonies with many plantations, and plantation owners had difficulty finding workers = Which is true of the plantation economy? 3. It took place in South Carolina, it was an uprising of enslaved Africans, and it was defeated by a colonial militia = What three things are true of the Stono Rebellion? 4. they had skills necessary for raising rice = West African slaves were seen as desirable because 5. supervise and manage work crews of enslaved Africans = In the Southern Colonies, the job of an overseer was to 6. How was the large amount of available land in the Southern Colonies related to the growth of slavery there? • it was difficult for planters to keep indentured servants and other hired hands as workers when so much land was available for them to start their own farms and plantations. • Using enslaved Africans solved this labor problem. 4-4 The Backcountry 1. fall line = As southern colonists moved west from the Atlantic coast, they crossed the ____ into the Backcountry. 2. waterfalls = As settlers traveled up rivers toward the southern Backcountry, ____ kept their boats from moving upstream. 3. piedmont = Between the Appalachian Mountains and the fall line was a region of the Backcountry known as the ____ 4. piedmont = The ____ was a broad plateau that led to the Blue Ridge Mountains. 5. Scots-Irish = The southern Backcountry was settled mainly by ____ clans who developed a way of life that was different from life on the seaboard. 6. Why was the clan system more important to people of the Backcountry than to those who lived on the seaboard of the Southern Colonies? • because the Backcountry was isolated and undeveloped, life was more basic and threatening there, • this caused a greater need for reliance on family members than in more populated and developed areas.

5-1 American Culture 1. John Locke = an English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He believed that people create governments to protect their natural rights and if a government fails in this duty people have the right to change the government. 2. Great Awakening = a religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s 3. George Whitefield = a traveling minister who drew thousands with his sermons and started a home for orphans 4. Great Awakening = The ______ encouraged deep religious feelings; led congregations to debate, split apart, and gain new members; and it created a revolutionary attitude. 5. Benjamin Franklin = a businessperson and inventor who became one of the best known political thinkers in the colonies 6. Enlightenment = a movement that emphasized reason and science as the paths to knowledge 7. Jonathan Edwards = a traveling minister who preached terrifying sermons about God’s anger but promised listeners they could be saved 8. Explain how apprentices contributed to the economy of the English colonies. • They expanded the labor force while in training • When done with their training they were skilled craftspeople that produced objects of value or skilled services, or opened businesses of their own.

5-2 Roots of Representative Government 1. Magna Carta = The first steps to limit the power of England’s king were taken in the ____. 2. the Parliament = British laws that affected the colonies were made by ____. 3. the Glorious Revolution = The ruling family of England changed as a result of ____. 4. the Parliament = The principle that government should be based on laws and not on the whims of a ruler was established by ____. 5. salutary neglect = The English policy of interfering very little in colonial affairs was called 6. John Peter Zenger = The right of freedom of the press in the colonies was established by the trial of 7. What effect do you think the policy of salutary neglect had on the colonists’ respect for British laws and authority? • Salutary neglect happened During the first half of the 1700’s when England interfered very little in colonial affairs. • Colonists’ respect for British authority and laws was probably diminished by the failure of the British to enforce those laws.

5-3 The French and Indian War 1. Proclamation of 1763 = ____ forbade the English colonists from settling on lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. 2. French and Indian War = Conflicts over land and the fur trade caused the ___. 3. Battle of Quebec = The ____ was the turning point of the French and Indian War. 4. Albany Plan of Union = Benjamin Franklin first proposed the ____. 5. Pontiac’s Uprising = ____ led to the Proclamation of 1763. 6. Treaty of Paris = The ____ ended the French colonization of North America. 7. What do the French and Indian War, Pontiac’s Uprising, and the Proclamation of 1763 all have in common? • All three: o were conflicts between colonists and Native Americans o had to do with conflicts over land o the conflicts had to do with English settlement of land west of the Appalachians

6-1 Tighter British Control 1. keep peace with Britain’s Native American allies = Great Britain’s monarch King George III wanted to _____. 2. provide housing and supplies for British soldiers = The purpose of the Quartering Act was to require the colonies to ____. 3. was needed by the British government to pay its debts = The revenue that Great Britain hoped to raise in the colonies ____. 4. Stamp Act = The British law that directly taxed the colonists was the ____. 5. A Virginia leader who called for resistance to the Stamp Act = Who was Patrick Henry? 6. House of Burgesses = A group that staged protests against the Stamp Act was the ____. 7. Why might a boycott be a good way for people to protest a law or other action that they do not like? • A boycott is a nonviolent method of protest that relies on economic pressure rather than force to reach its goals. Additional Section Vocabulary: 8. Sugar Act: A law that puts taxes on sugar, molasses, and other products shipped to the colonies 9. Sons of Liberty: secret society formed to oppose British policies

6-2 Colonial Resistance Grows 1. Townshend Acts = In 1767, the __________ attempted to raise money to pay the salaries of British governors and other officials in the colonies. 2. Samuel Adams = One of the colonists who organized protests and urged other colonists to resist British control was __________, a leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty. 3. Boston Massacre = In 1770, an incident that the Sons of Liberty called the __________ was used as propaganda to arouse the colonists’ resistance to British authority. 4. writs of assistance = The __________ permitted British officers to enter colonists’ homes and businesses to search for smuggled goods. 5. John Adams = A colonial lawyer named __________ was criticized for defending several British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. 6. Boston Tea Party = One night, in an event that became known as the __________, a group of colonists dressed as Native Americans boarded three British ships docked in Boston harbor and threw their cargoes overboard. 7. Crispus Attucks = Among the colonists killed in the Boston Massacre was __________, a sailor of African and Native American ancestry. 8. Explain why the committees of correspondence were helpful in organizing colonial resistance to British policies. • The exchange of information in the committees’ letters helped to focus and unify resistance to British authority.

6-3 the Road to Lexington and Concord 1. Intolerable Acts = What did the colonists call the hated Coercive Acts? 2. Lexington and Concord = Two villages outside of Boston were the scene of the first battles between the British and the colonists? 3. A Patriot = What term was used to describe a colonist who resisted the British tax laws? 4. Militia = What were the groups of private citizens who pledged to defend their communities called? 5. Minutemen = What was the special name for citizen-soldiers who were trained to be ready at a moments notice? 6. The First Continental Congress = What group first met in 1774 to uphold colonial rights in opposition to the Intolerable Acts 7. Paul Revere = Which Son of Liberty, along with William Dawes and Samuel Prescott, rode through the towns outside of Boston to warn of the approaching British? 8. Why do you think many colonists remained Loyalists after the first fighting with British troops broke out? = a. fighting was not yet a war for independence from Great Britain b. most colonist were of British heritage and had strong cultural ties to Great Britain c. some did not believe that the Patriots could defeat the British army d. some may have believed that the rebellion was wrong